Abstract

A heavy oil field (Field X) in Northern Kuwait is in the early stages of development but it is clear from production pilots that tight units (baffles) of variable lithology, thickness and continuity, within the reservoir will play a key role in influencing steam conformance and recovery efficiency. The high well/core density of the field's production startup area allows re-evaluation of baffles in light of cross-discipline integration of pilot production data, petrophysical data and detailed core review. A process was followed to update and calibrate all core descriptions against logs, follow a consistently picked set of petrophysically defined markers, compare visually defined lithofacies with log defined ones, and then map out key surfaces. The key next step is to define appropriate reservoir properties by facies/rock types, apply these to understanding pilot behaviour and predict steam conformance for Well, Reservoir and Facilities Management (WRFM) and the next phases of the wider

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of compartmentalisation in the Lower Cretaceous Zubair Formation in the Bahrah Field in Kuwait, with proven plays’ success ranging from 50 to 60% due to irregular trapping configurations and fluid retention resulting from reservoir compartmentalisation and heterogeneity. An integrated analysis was conducted, including facies mapping, core data, sedimentological and petrographic assessments, pressure measurements and fluid contacts correlated with the structure map that was subjected to cross-fault juxtaposition analysis to test fault sealing capability. It’s found that the main reservoir units Z10 and Z23 are trapped on the upper down-dip side of the Bahrah Anticline by a set of NW-SE trending faults exhibiting effective sealing. Vertically, the reservoirs are sealed by internal Zubair shales. The Z10 unit is highly compartmentalised by strong lateral sealing from the Ratawi shale, while the Z23 unit experiences some hydrocarbon leakage through fault

Abstract

Availability of gases at the field level makes attractive to water-alternating-gas (WAG) process for low viscosity and light oils carbonate reservoir. However, impact of reservoir heterogeneity on WAG performance is crucial before field application. In general, ramp carbonates have heterogeneity due to variation of permeability and porosity. However, WAG performance significantly affected by permeability variations. This article investigates merits and demerits of WAG displacement due to permeability heterogeneities such as permeability anisotropy, high permeability streaks (HKS), matrix permeability, dolomite and thin dense stylolite layers. High-resolution compositional simulations with tuned equation of state (EoS) were carried out using 2D and 3D sector models. The study focuses on WAG performance in terms of oil recovery, vertical sweep, solvent utilization, gas oil ratio (GOR), water cut (WCT), WAG response time, gravity override, hysteresis, un-contacted oil saturation and econo

Abstract

In early 2012, Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) initiated the planning which was followed by the implementation of the first of its kind in Kuwait, the Real Time Drilling Decision Center (RTDDC) project as a multidisciplinary collaboration solution to enhance the drilling operations efficiency and minimize the drilling non-productive time (NPT). The project consists of two ergonomically-designed collaboration centers equipped with state-of-the-art visualization technology coupled with a highly-available remote data gathering infrastructure. The real-time data is to be remotely aggregated from the initial base line of selected rig sites into a centralized office-based data repository, which will then act as the primary source of data for the optimization workflows to be carried out in both centers. The RTDDC project is currently fully operational. In order to achieve its intended value, four main pillars have been implemented: 1. Since the real-time data is one of the elements of the solution b

Abstract

[No abstract available]

Abstract

The objective of supplying real time LWD or FE information (Logging While Drilling and Formation Evaluation) should be to enable the client to make quick, accurate decisions on the formations being drilled, thus reducing and minimizing the geological uncertainty and maximizing or increasing the well bore exposure in the desired structure. During the course of drilling an 8 well Horizontal drilling program for the Kuwait Oil Company (K.O.C.) in the Burgan Field, Kuwait it became apparent that there was a need for clearer and better quality real time log information to enable the Drilling team to make quick decisions on were to place the well within the structure. This short paper will show the step change bought about in 3 of the wells drilled and the success and benefits realized by using long gauge PDC bits combined with a specialized short bearing pack motors, not only in the quality of the real time and recorded logs but in the over all bore hole quality as well. Copyright 2007, Soc

Abstract

Ranges of major projects are under consideration for the Greater Burgan field. Realistic simulation models can play an important role in establishing a reference development case and in identifying possible improvements to such a case. Efforts to optimize the development of Wara-Burgan reservoirs involve evaluation of water-flood options in addition to studies of in-fill drilling, different well types, artificial lift implementation, projects sequence and a range of reservoir management options. This paper discusses the work that has been carried out to provide guidance to reservoir development studies using reservoir simulation in Greater Burgan field. The use of the simulation model in evaluating development options and estimating future performance is described with particular emphasis on the following areas: Firstly, the challenges of accounting for the mismatch between the simulated and observed pressure and saturation distributions at the end of history are described. This work i

Abstract

The origin of Jal Az-Zor escarpment has been equivocal due to limited exposure and subsurface data. The escarpment was assumed to be a result of differential weathering and erosion. Most recently mapping of basement lineaments suggested a deep fault system as a most likely cause. The aim of this article is to use shallow seismic data acquired across various locations along the escarpment to investigate the underlying geology, structural elements and link these features to surface observations. To understand the near subsurface geology, post-stack time processing was applied to 2D seismic data acquired recently in the area. The objective was to focus on the shallow intervals, represented by the Rus, Dammam and Kuwait Formations. The analyses revealed a train of tight concentric folds that increase in stage development towards the escarpment in the Dammam Formation. The shallower Kuwait Formation shows early stages of fault propagation folding as a result of the Kuwait Arch uplift toward

Abstract

In common with many giant oilfields world wide, the Minagish field (Minagish Oolite Formation) in Kuwait has an areally extensive heavy oil zone of variable thickness at the base of the oil column. The heavy oil zone, or tar mat, is thought to act as a partial permeability barrier between the aquifer and oil leg, but its field-wide effect and properties were unknown. A full-field water flood is planned for the Minagish field. Therefore, an understanding of the distribution and properties of the heavy oil zone is critical in deciding whether to inject water above the tar mat (with unavoidable reserve losses) or directly into the aquifer in areas where the tar mat is poorly developed. The difficulty in discriminating between cemented and bituminous intervals on electric logs has led to the adoption of geochemical techniques to detect the presence and thickness of heavy oil zones. By using detailed Iatroscan analysis, the tar mat is characterized by a high proportion of asphaltenes, but l

Abstract

The paper presents a qualitative assessment water geochemistry study to understand the deep non-anthropogenic origin of dissolved H2S in anomalously abnormal saline groundwaters in Kuwait City. The groundwater samples show geographical variation in water chemistry, salinity, CO2 and H2S concentrations and δ34S isotope data. The variation was found to be controlled by the proximity to the abandoned Medina Field. Three geographical areas in Kuwait City with different groundwater properties were identified: Area-A with very high H2S concentration (> 100 mg/l); Area-B with moderate H2S concentration (50–100 mg/l) and Area-C with low H2S concentration (< 50 mg/l). The δ34S isotope data of dissolved H2S in the groundwater samples showed a range of −8.9 to −12.9‰. The variation of δ34S values indicate the origin of H2S sourced from mixing of low-temperature sulphate reduction (BSR) with high-temperature thermochemical sulphate reduction (TSR) fluids migrated up-fault from deeper and hotter oi

Abstract

Core-analysis data, pressure build-up tests, flow tests and production histories were studied to determine the effects of permeability heterogeneities. Data from eight formations were statistically analyzed-carbonates, consolidated sands and unconsolidated sands were considered in the investigation.' From this study, it was concluded that the flow capacities of the individual wells within a reservoir tended to be log-normally distributed and that lateral permeability variations were actually as significant as vertical permeability variations. It was shown that the observed relationships were useful In the treatment of field-development problems. © 1964 Society of Petroleum Engineers. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Several Middle Eastern reservoirs are in advanced state of depletion and need new production and reservoir management strategies in order to meet the market demand. Several enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are employed to improve oil recovery in these reservoirs. One promising method which is applied in many of these reservoirs is CO2 miscible injection. The Magwa Marrat reservoir is classified as a candidate for CO2 miscible injection although as yet this reservoir has not been significantly depleted. In order to investigate future management and production strategies of the reservoir, a small compositional sector model was developed. An optimization process for the WAG injection was then developed to obtain the optimum values of WAG ratio, slug size per WAG cycle, and total slug size. A series of simulation runs were performed to identify these optimum values. After determining the optimum values, the performance of using horizontal wells was investigated and compared with the p

Abstract

Surface mining of hydrocarbon deposits is not a new technique, but its application has been mainly limited to the excavation of oil sands in the Athabasca Basin of Alberta, Canada, where the mining method has proved to be commercially successful, although in a narrow set of geological and environmental conditions. This paper discusses the scope for a broader application of a surface-mining approach and builds on the results of a conceptual study that examined the possibility of surface mining the viscous crude oil of the Ratqa Lower Fars (RQLF) reservoir in northern Kuwait. The study findings indicate that a large rate of crude oil might be profitably and sustainably produced for many decades through a surface-mining approach. Copyright © 2018 Society of Petroleum Engineers.

Abstract

This paper describes KERP planned strategy and actual works conducted to remediate 26 million cubic meters of contaminated soil in North and South Kuwaiti Oil Fields after the aggressive Iraqi invasion in 1992. KERP remediation strategy has been modified based on comprehensive Site Soil Characterization (SSC) reports of Consortium of International Consultants (CIC 2003); which was verified through special SSC works completed in North and south Kuwait Excavation and Transportation Projects (NKE & T and SKE & T) and various KERP related SSC activities(1). The strategy modification involves reducing landfill volume to less than 5.0 million m3 by implementing comprehensive remediation techniques which include natural degradation of residual contamination of Tarcrete at TPH levels of 1-2%, bio-treatment at 2-7%, remediation technologies at 7-20%, re-use of high energetic good quality oil and sludge at high TPH levels of 10-20% and landfilling of difficult to treat soil. Best available and a

Abstract

Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative aging disorder. Oestrogen has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect against PD in animal models. This study aimed to detect the risk of PD in women who underwent hysterectomy before the age of menopause. Material and methods: Seventy-six women with PD (study group) were recruited for this retrospective study and compared to 80 controls. Collected data included the education level, smoking, age of menopause, type of menopause (natural or surgical), past surgical history of hysterectomy, type of hysterectomy (hysterectomy only or hysterectomy with oophorectomy [unilateral, bilateral]), and use of postmenopausal oestrogen replacement therapy. The collected data were analysed to detect the risk of PD in women who underwent hysterectomy before the age of menopause. Results: The odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) of PD was significantly higher after surgical menopause in the study group (30 [39.5%])

Abstract

This work presents the application of a fit-for-purpose history match workflow to a giant and geologically complex carbonate reservoir with over 60 years of production/injection history and 600+ wells. The target was to deliver, within schedule and spec, a high-quality sizeable model (15+ million grid blocks) that honored the underlying geologic characteristics and reproduced the distinctive production mechanisms present across the different regions of the reservoir, while keeping parametrization of uncertainties at a manageable level. Practical implementation routes were applied to efficiently translate key reservoir plumbing elements and other identified subsurface uncertainties into dynamic modeling components that could be investigated over large uncertainty ranges via Assisted History Matching (AHM) tools. To manage the history match process of this vast and mature reservoir, a sophisticated and custom-tailored sector-centered modeling scheme was adopted based on a "Divide & Conqu

Abstract

Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) directed its Upstream subsidiaries to collaboratively work towards an integrated 2030 strategy. One of the key elements to achieving the 2030 strategic objectives was to collaborate and share expertise to resolve technical challenges currently facing the upstream entities. As a result, the Center of Excellence (CoE) was successfully implemented to leverage the diverse expertise of technical talent across the three upstream entities of Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), Kuwait Gulf Oil Company (KGOC) and Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC). CoE Discipline teams comprising of experts in strategically important technical disciplines created significant business value through sharing of knowledge, lessons learned, and experiences, around specific technical challenges. To embed the CoE as a way of working, change management was identified as a key enabler. Various interventions including organization-wide communications, focus on value creation, i

Abstract

An account is given of the results of treating non-dysenteric intestinal amoebiasis with some of the newer drugs and the results compared with those achieved by using E.B.I. It is thought that E.B.I., diloxanide furoate and paromomycin are all extremely effective and of approximately equal merit from a therapeutic standpoint. Diloxanide furoate is the cheapest and best tolerated and should be used to treat co-operative ambulant out-patients. The paromomycin course is the shortest and so should be used for the less co-operative person who requires in-patient treatment. © 1962 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Abstract

The Triassic exploration campaign onshore Kuwait initiated during the 1980s was mainly based on the evaluation of regional 2D seismic data. To date, few scattered wells have penetrated this succession reaching the Minjur, Jilh and Sudair mixed clastic and carbonate formations. The latter reservoirs are expected to hold potential gas and condensates that are yet to be proven. This communication aims at deciphering the spatial and temporal evolution of sedimentary architectures and associated Triassic depositional environments and facies along Kuwait. An integrated G&G assessment utilizing multi-disciplinary and multi-scale dataset allowed to identify the major petroleum system elements and develop sequential conceptual depositional models. The proposed models are then tested using numerical process-based forward stratigraphic applications. The seismic interpretation points to dominantly south to north oriented progradations centered on the Dibdibah low with thicknesses reaching around 1

Abstract

This paper presents a detailed study on how to detect the presence of light-oil in a low-resistivity and interbedded sandstone-shale environment. Based on the basic log response (high GR readings, 45-55 API, low resistivity values, 3-5 ohm.m, low-to-moderate porosity), the studied interval was considered a non-oil bearing zone. The interval was re-evaluated by adding some advanced technologies and the results showed the zone to be oil bearing. Fluid sampling has confirmed that the zone is oil bearing zone. The advanced logging technologies were magnetic resonance, mineralogy and high-resolution borehole electrical imaging. The mineralogy tool was logged to identify and quantify the formation minerals and also the clay typing. The magnetic resonance tool was used to identify the different fluids inside the pores and also to measure the fluids saturations. The high-resolution borehole electrical imaging was used to analyze the sedimentary facies and the formation structures. At last a sa

Abstract

Introduction: The Abdominal Compartment Society (WSACS) developed a medical management algorithm with a stepwise approach to keep intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) ≤ 15 mm Hg. The role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) as a bedside modality in the critical care patients is not well studied in relation to the intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) management algorithm. Aim: To test the role of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the medical management of patients with intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH). Method: We conducted a prospective observational study. Those who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to undergo POCUS and small bowel ultrasound as adjuvant tools in their IAH management. Results: A total of 22 patients met the inclusion criteria and were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 65 ± 22.6 years, 61% were men, and the most frequent admission diagnoses were hepatic encephalopathy and massive ascites (five cases). Ultrasound and abdominal X-rays we

Abstract

The permeability of alveolar-capillary membrane of persons exposed to smoke from oil well fires in Kuwait is studied using a nuclear medicine imaging technique. This involves inhalation of radioactive aerosols generated from technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentacetate (99mTc DTPA). A total of 100 subjects were divided into four groups. The groups were classified into oil field workers, subjects who were in Kuwait when the oil well fires were started, subjects who arrived in Kuwait after approximately half the number of oil well fires were put out, and subjects who arrived after all the oil well fires were put out. This technique required subjects to inhale the 99mTc DTPA aerosols for 3 min while seated. Dynamic images in the posterior view of the thorax were obtained using a gamma camera linked to a computer. Background subtracted radioactivity time curves were best fitted with a monoexponential equation and the half-time clearance values of 99mTc DTPA aerosols from the lungs were ca

Abstract

Resistivity image logs are high-resolution tools that can help to unravel the depositional and structural organisation in a wellbore. They provide a particularly powerful dataset when calibrated against core, maximising their benefit for reservoir characterisation. This paper shows examples how very detailed image assessment from selected wells in the Greater Burgan Field has helped to constrain the stratigraphic model and depositional interpretations of the Cretaceous Burgan and Wara reservoirs. A multidisciplinary study of 123 cored wells, integrating core sedimentology, petrography, bioand chemostratigraphy, wireline well and resistivity image logs, has delivered a robust stratigraphic and depositional framework for one of the most important reservoirs in the world's largest siliciclastic oil field. A descriptive image facies scheme that has been calibrated against core and conventional well logs captures the lithological variation, sedimentary features and surfaces of the reservoir

Abstract

Advanced Cutting Analysis technique has been widely used in the industry to assist drilling operations as well as providing support in formation evaluation. Recently, alongside with the speedy development of Najmah Kerogen unconventional reservoir in Kuwait, the technique has demonstrated its vital role resulting in significant cost saving, and reliable measurements that could be used to replace other expensive evaluations from cores or open-hole logs. The Advanced Cutting Analysis was applied in Well-H drilled recently in Kra Al-Maru field, West Kuwait (Fig. 1) that comprised of different technologies: X-ray diffractometry (XRD) for mineralogy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for rock chemical composition, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis, and Pyrolysis for source rock characterization. The XRD-XRF technology was popular in the industry, and it could be acquired from core or open-hole log data. In this study, XRD-XRF was conducted on cutting samples. In order to prove the efficiency of th

Abstract

The Greater Burgan oilfield is the world's largest sandstone oilfield, it was discovered in 1938. It is located in southeastern Kuwait covering a surface area of about 800 square kilometers. It is ranked as the largest clastic reservoir in the world. The Greater Burgan oilfield comprises six main reservoir units, namely Wara (WAS), Mauddud limestone (MAS), Upper Burgan Sands (BGSU), Middle Burgan Sands (BGSM), Lower Burgan Sand 1 (BGSL1) and the Lower Burgan Sand 2 (BGSL2). The main focus of this study is the Wara reservoir. The Wara reservoir was discovered as one separated producing reservoir from the Burgan reservoirs in 1948; it is highly heterogeneous and further divided into seven layers based on the petrophysical interpretation. Those seven layers are grouped as three zones based on their depositional environment, namely Wara Sand Upper (WASU), Wara Sand Middle (WASM) and Wara Sand Lower (WASL). Due to the heterogeneity and the lack of the pressure support, most part of the rese

Abstract

The objective of this study is to re-examine the classical parallel and classical series models of the effective thermal conductivity of porous media and review the underlying assumptions used to develop these asymptotic models. The Langmuir shape factor concept is introduced to gain insight into these classical models and add extra degrees of freedom to formulate semi-empirical correlations for the effective thermal conductivity based on the parallel, series, and combination of parallel and series heat flow configurations. The analytical models reveal the average areas of the heat flow as potential targets for curve fitting equations with fitting parameters. Experimental data for sintered porous copper were used to calibrate the theoretical models. Correlations for the effective thermal conductivity, Langmuir shape factors, average heat conduction areas, and the average lengths of the heat transfer pathway of the two phases as functions of porosity were obtained and compared graphical

Abstract

Efficiently drilling the 16″ hole section in high temperature/high pressure (HTHP) conditions through hard/abrasive Jurassic formations in Kuwait's oil fields has been a distinctive challenge for more than a decade. The difficult sequence of lithologies starts with abrasive Zubair sand (with pyrite) followed by reactive Ratawi shale and then hard carbonates (UCS 10-30kpsi). The Zubair is approximately 1300ft thick and has historically been drilled with four/six rollercone TCIs or a combination of two TCIs and two PDC bits or two/three PDCs. The objective has been to reduce the total number of bits/trips and ultimately drill the Zubair and as much Ratawi as possible with one PDC bit. Initial attempts with PDC were encouraging, but not economically successful compared to rollercone cost/ft. To improve performance, an FEA-based modeling system was used to predict downhole behavior. Based on these knowledge gains, a new PDC bit design was produced with optimized blade orientation and recon

Abstract

Well completions featuring an ICD, swell packers and sliding sleeve doors (SSD) are a popular option in highly heterogeneous reservoirs and homogeneous with barriers. However, this arrangement presents challenges for evaluating the integrity isolation in terms of the swell packer's isolation of layers. The subject well, an oil producer in Raudhatain field, Kuwait, was completed with an ICD with seven packers and five SSDs. The well showed a 100% water cut from the start of production. This paper describes a technique that combines high-precision temperature surveys and a spectral acoustic method to enable accurate flow profiling and integrity evaluation in such wells. A diagnostic survey was planned for the subject well. This was designed to determine if there was flow from below the survey interval, establish whether the SSDs were active and check the integrity of the swell packers. This comprehensive study combined results from high-precision temperature surveys and spectral acoustic

Abstract

The Jurassic Najmah-Sargelu formations in Kahlula field of West Kuwait is a tight carbonate fractured reservoir. In such tight environment, the fractures are the most contributing to oil production. Therefore, fracture characterization is required to optimize reservoir production. However, because of the difficult drilling environment, the acquisition of open-hole logging data is not guaranteed. Moreover, as the conventional imaging tools (resistivity or ultrasonic) can only be operated in open-hole, any fracture evaluation would be a significant challenge after the well is cased. This paper presents a method how to characterize geological features such as natural fractures, faults and beddings in cased-hole, in the absence of conventional open-hole image logs. The Deep Shear Wave Imaging (DSWI) is the method used to characterize fractures network in this case study. The method consists of using through casing borehole acoustic measurements to map fractures, or any other geological fea

Abstract

Identifying a bypassed pay is always challenging, especially for highly deviated, complex wells where well control further complicates wireline logging. This case study examines the use of a Through Drillpipe Logging (TDL) conveyed formation testing and sampling tool in addition to the conventional slim open hole logging suite. The logging program overcame the challenging well trajectory and wellbore stability complications. The resulting data provided a conclusive formation evaluation and reservoir characterization identifying bypassed oil. The logging program targeted two formations: The primary goal was the Upper Burgan and the secondary target, a suspected bypassed pay, was the Lower Burgan. The well was highly deviated and was drilled with the oil-based mud system. In addition to the complex trajectory, a well bore stability was identified as marginal due to observed washouts. Therefore, the logging program implemented TDL for both traditional open hole logging and formation testi

Abstract

Middle Marrat resrervoir of Jurrasic age is a tight carbonate reservoir with vertical and horizontal heterogeneous properities. The well placement over deep elonogted anticline with steep dips, geosteering and lowering of production liner are challenging, therefore the field is being developed using horizontal wells cutting across multiple reservoir layers to maximize reservoir contact and driange The low clay content in Marrat reservoirs gives low gamma ray counts, which makes the identification of reservoir layers identification difficult. In addition, the high-resistivity responses from hydrocarbon-bearing pay-zones and from the tight layers make the identification of the reservoir sweet spots difficult as well. Slim-hole magnetic resonance (NMR) logging was deployed in wash-down mode for identifying reservoir sweet-spots as a lithology-independent porosity and formation fluid characterization tool. Magnetic resonance was acquired with dual wait time enabled T2 polarization to diffe

Abstract

The presented reservoir in this paper is a tight carbonate reservoir with vertical and horizontal heterogeneous properties. In particular, the low clay content in this reservoir gives low gamma ray counts, making difficult the layer identification. In addition, the high-resistivity response of hydrocarbon-bearing pay-zones and of the tight layers make more difficult the identification of the reservoir sweet spots. Slim-hole magnetic resonance (MR) logging was deployed in wash-down mode for identifying reservoir sweet-spots for providing lithology-independent porosity and formation fluid characterization. The well placement over a deep elongated anticline with steep dips and the lowering of the production liner are challenging. Consequently, the field is being developed using horizontal wells that cut across multiple reservoir layers to maximize reservoir contact and drainage. MR was acquired with dual wait time enabled T2 polarization to differentiate between moveable water and hydroca

Abstract

The use of Time Lapse, or 4D, seismic technology is well established in the marine offshore seismic environment. Onshore, in the land seismic environment, the technology is not so well established. There are a number of reasons why this situation exists. This presentation includes a review of the results and experience achieved by KOC from five 4D time lapse studies performed on onshore Kuwait including the company's most recent successes and it's strategy for the future implementation of this key reservoir monitoring technology. © 2005 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.

Abstract

The Magnetic Imaging Defectoscope (MID) is a tool designed to record the time response to high-energy electromagnetic pulses. Metal presence around the tool is evaluated by matching measured and numerically modelled magnetisation decays. The air response decays faster than if the tool is placed inside a metal pipe. If multiple pipes are present around the tool, the near pipe responds at earlier times and the more distant ones at later times. This phenomenon is key to detecting metal presence in each individual pipe. The MID tool features two sensors, short and long, to ensure reliable detection of responses from a wide range of multi-barrier completions and differentiate between defects in each barrier independently. Despite this simple concept, the response detected by the tool as a complex time behaviour and cannot be modelled in a simple analytical way,which put time-domain technologies on hold for many years. The recent advances in computer speed and multicore parallel computing en

Abstract

Background: Tirzepatide is a novel glucagon-like peptide 1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GLP-1/GIP) receptor agonist. It was recently approved for diabetes control and weight reduction in non-diabetic patients. Case description: We report the first case of ketoacidosis after the use of tirzepatide in an obese non-diabetic patient, secondary to the possibility of starvation ketoacidosis and insulin resistance. Conclusion: The dual-acting GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists, tirzepatide, can induce ketoacidosis in obese non-diabetic patients. © 2024 SMC Media Srl. All rights reserved.

Abstract

The lower part of the Makhul Formation comprises a transgressive sequence of organic rich argillaceous limestones and dark euxinic bituminous rich claystones. The unit called as the 'Basal Makhul Shale' is emerging as a promising exploratory target for shale oil. The present TOC values range from 0.10% to 10.7%. The hydrogen index shows low values, indicating nearly inert type II marine to mixed gas-and oilprone source potential. The average Vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 0.72% to 0.86% and Pyrolysis Tmax values ranging from 406°C to 460°C suggest middle to earliest late maturity window for oil generation. The transformation ratio is about 68% and the hydrocarbon saturation varies from a minimum of 70% in the southwest to a maximum of 96% in the north. Generally the unit is over pressured at 0.80-0.92 psi/foot with formation pressures increasing to the north and northwest. The dominant lithology is bituminous calcareous mudstone rich in kerogen and appears to be brittle. The

Abstract

With oil prices more than halved over the last year, the oil industry is gradually slipping into the red. Out of the 10 of the 20 European and North American oil and gas producers that have reported third-quarter results, seven have posted losses (Arab Times, 29 Oct 2015) with the remaining 3 reporting sharp drops in profits. Also oil producing countries are affected by the drop in oil price and several are reporting state budget deficits for 2015. At current oil prices and oil price predictions, the challenge to find and deliver economically viable development opportunities (projects) is greater than ever. Although many articles have been published on how to execute large projects, the industry still makes many unnecessary mistakes. Although estimates and statistics vary, general consensus is that the industry is still "losing" billions each year from poor project execution. The article addresses the following topics; © 2016 Society of Petroleum Engineers. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Kuwait is a major oil producing country and its economy directly depends on its export of crude and refined products. Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is responsible for all exploration and production of crude oil in Kuwait. These activities result in the emission of gaseous pollutants to the atmosphere, particularly from the flaring of undesirable product and excess gases. For environmental and resource conservation reasons, KOC is required to minimize the amount of gas flared in order to control and reduce the emissions of major pollutants in the State of Kuwait and neighbors countries. In the present study the total emissions of primary pollutants associated from flaring activities from Kuwait oil field have been estimated. An inventory records the annual emissions of air pollutants: NOX, SO2, CO, CO2, Methane and non-methane, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): resulting from oil production operations in the Kuwait Oil Fields. The emissions are generated from various point sources and aggreg

Abstract

In early 2005, Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) initiated a Total Pipeline Integrity Management System (TPIMS) implementation in order to carry out a major integrity assessment of its operating facilities, equipment, buried plant piping and pipeline network and to establish a continuing integrity management program. KOC Transit System is a complex infrastructure consisting of over three hundred pipelines, thousands of wellhead flow lines, and consumer and offshore lines for which there was a significant loss of data when the facilities were destroyed during a military invasion in 1990. An initial pipeline system assessment identified issues and actions regarding condition of the pipelines, corridors, requirements on in-line inspection (ILI), documentation, RISK assessment, status of international code compliance, and overall state of the system. Following recommendations from that initial assessment led to the development of a long term strategy; the execution of which required the implementat

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reduction of blood loss during and after cesarean section. Methods: Women included in the current double blinded, randomized, controlled trial were recruited from women attending for elective cesarean section and randomized into two groups; study group: received tranexamic acid with induction of anesthesia plus 10 IU of oxytocin injection after delivery of the baby. Control group: received only oxytocin 10 IU injection after delivery of the baby. Results: Twenty four hours post-operative hemoglobin level was significantly higher in study group (11.2 ± 1.5 mg/dL) compared to control (9.6 ± 1.2 mg/dL), also 24 hours post-operative hematocrit was significantly higher in study group (30.2 ± 6.6) compared to control (29.2 ± 2.8). Calculated total blood loss from placental delivery till end of cesarean section was significantly less in study group compared to control (369.5 ± 198.0 versus 606.8 ± 193.0 mL; respectively), also, calcula

Abstract

Umm Gudair Minagish Oolite is a highly heterogeneous reservoir with intermittent micritic units forming low permeability barriers to fluid flow. Based on screening/lab study, the polymer or surfactant-polymer flooding was proposed using normal 5 spot injection pattern. KOC decided to test only polymer flooding because of cost considerations. This study is to design fit for purpose long-term polymer injectivity (LTPI) pilot using produced water (salinity 230000ppm) with the objectives of testing injectivity, adsorption, breakthrough, resistance factor and response time within 6-12 months. Numerical simulation and economic modelling was used for this evaluation to explore various novel strategies. Various parameters were optimized to design Fit for Purpose LTPI pilot configurations using high salinity produced water. The laboratory experiments were conducted in conjunction with reservoir simulation to confirm the technical viability of polymer flooding using high-salinity water. In this

Abstract

This paper describes the design and implementation of a one-spot enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilot using high-salinity water (~166,000 ppm TDS) in a sour, sandstone, heavy-oil reservoir (~5 mol% hydrogen sulfide) based on an extensive laboratory study involving different polymers and operating conditions. In view of the results of this one-spot EOR pilot, a multi-well, high-salinity polymer-injection pilot is expected to start in 2020 targeting the Umm Niqqa Lower Fars (UNLF) reservoir in Kuwait. Polymer flooding is normally carried out using low- to moderate-salinity water to maintain favorable polymer solution viscosities in pursuit of maximum oil recovery. Nevertheless, low- to moderate-salinity water sources such as seawater tend to be associated with a variety of logistical, operational, and commercial challenges. For this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in conjunction with reservoir simulation to confirm the technical viability of polymer flooding using high-salinity

Abstract

This paper describes the design and implementation of a one-spot enhanced oil recovery (EOR) pilot usinghigh-salinity water (~166,000 ppm TDS) in a sour, sandstone, heavy-oil reservoir (~5 mol% hydrogensulfide) based on an extensive laboratory study involving different polymers and operating conditions. Inview of the results of this one-spot EOR pilot, a multi-well, high-salinity polymer-injection pilot is expectedto start in 2020 targeting the Umm Niqqa Lower Fars (UNLF) reservoir in Kuwait. Polymer flooding is normally carried out using low-to moderate-salinity water to maintain favorablepolymer solution viscosities in pursuit of maximum oil recovery. Nevertheless, low-to moderate-salinitywater sources such as seawater tend to be associated with a variety of logistical, operational, and commercialchallenges. For this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in conjunction with reservoir simulationto confirm the technical viability of polymer flooding using high-salinity water. Th

Abstract

In the last few decades, pharmacy services have expanded to fulfil the need for more complex health needs from population worldwide. Moving from ‘product-centred’ to a ‘patient-centred’ profession, pharmacists are required to master more professional competencies to deliver high quality pharmaceutical services to their patients and community. In Kuwait pharmacy practice has long been identified as a sector yet to be developed. With the announcement of the ‘new Kuwait vision 2035’ planning for pharmacy practice and workforce development and improvement has become imperative. Academic, professional, and regulatory bodies have collaborated to shape the future of pharmacy profession in the country. The approach described here reflects the initial steps for transforming and advancing the pharmacy profession in Kuwait. © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Abstract

In the deep high-pressure/hightemperature North Kuwait Jurassic (NKJ) fields, the pipelines connecting the wells to the processing facility are neither buried nor insulated. During the winter, the well fluid cools to below hydrate-formation temperature in the flowline, causing hydrate crystallization and even plugging. This paper presents the traditional methods of hydrate mitigation used in the NKJ fields and the way in which a transient model was initially built and continuously improved. © 2017 Society of Petroleum Engineers. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Background: Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in pregnancy are global health issues, affecting around 30% of women in high-resourced countries, and increasing to over 50% of women in low-resourced countries. Objectives: Froessler et al. study published in Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics (2018) 298: 75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-018-4782-9, raised many queries and we would like to know the answers of those queries from the authors if possible. Results: Diagnosis of IDA should be based on hemoglobin concentration (gm/dl), serum ferritin (ug/l), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the efficacy of the treatment of IDA evaluated by comparing pre-treatment values of hemoglobin, serum ferritin, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) by the post-treatment values. Parenteral iron dose for correction of IDA calculated according to the formula; total iron needed in mg = 2.4 × pre-pregnancy weight in

Abstract

The incidence of ectopic pregnancy (EP) is about 1.3-2.4%. Approximately 6% of maternal deaths in the first trimester occur following ruptured EP. A 35-year-old lady, G4, P3, pregnant 7 weeks + 2 days, presented with left iliac pain, after positive pregnancy test, and β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) 3614 mIU/ml. The transvaginal sonography showed an empty uterus, with a well-defined left adnexal echogenic structure measuring 38 × 32 mm (left adnexal gestational sac - GS) with foetal pole (bagel sign). The colour Doppler examination showed foetal cardiac activity with circumferential Doppler flow around the GS (ring of fire). She was diagnosed as left undisturbed tubal pregnancy with foetal cardiac activity. She refused the option of laparoscopic surgery. Therefore, she was counselled for medical treatment using methotrexate (MTX). She was also informed that the MTX treatment may fail due to the presence of foetal cardiac activity, and she may need more than one MTX dose. She rec

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate changes in management practices and its influence on short term hospital outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) admitted during two different time periods, 2007 and 2004. Methods and Results: We studied AMI patients from two acute coronary syndrome registries carried out in Kuwait in 2007 and 2004. We included 1872 and 1197 patients from the 2007 and 2004 registries, respectively. When compared with 2004, patients from the 2007 registry had similar baseline clinical characteristics. In 2007 compared to 2004, during the in-hospital period, patients with AMI received significantly more statins (94% vs. 73%%, p<0.0001), Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) (70% vs. 47%, p<0.001), and Clopidogrel (38% vs. 4%, p<0.001), while beta-blockers use dropped in 2007 compared to 2004 (63% vs. 68%, p=0.0066). The rates of in-hospital mortality and recurrent ischemia were significantly lower in the 2007 cohort com

Abstract

The Mauddud reservoir in the Raudhatain and Sabiriyah fields of north Kuwait includes production layers that were historically exploited using vertical wells. As lower layers begun producing water, horizontal producers from upper layers were planned. A recent simulation study was performed for electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) in the reservoir. ESPs must be placed vertically and as near to the target layer as possible for maximum sweep effect, and as a result, greater build rates in the build section of the well were required to enter the reservoir laterally at the optimal depth. With a requirement for these wells to be drilled with a rotary steerable system, a high build rate (HBR) rotary steerable system (RSS) is required. An upgraded true point-the-bit (PTB) RSS was run for the first time with a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit in a matched system. A logging-while-drilling (LWD) suite was used while drilling the build section and steer into the target reservoir. The RSS w

Abstract

Boolean algebra expressions are used by stakeholders from a range of disciplines, such as engineers, to build logic circuits. To reduce the cost and transaction numbers of logic circuits, engineers minimize Boolean expressions by reducing the number of terms or arithmetic operations. A well-known pictorial method applied for minimizing Boolean expressions is the Karnaugh map. However, a drawback is that these maps are not effective for minimizing Boolean expressions involving more than four variables. We introduce a novel method for minimizing Boolean expressions by using graphs, which we call a “Truth Graph” that can be effectively applied when many variables exist. © 2020, The Author(s).